Enhanced flyback converter

ABSTRACT

A DC/DC flyback converter that exhibits reduced switch and transformer voltage stresses in comparison to known flyback converters. The flyback converter also employs soft switching. Embodiments of such flyback converters may be used, without limitation, in electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. A front-stage of the flyback converter comprises a DC/AC step-down circuit that may be separately used for various purposes.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/747,428, filed Jan. 22, 2013, which claims the benefit of priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/589,055, filed on Jan. 20, 2012, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention is directed to a flyback DC/DC converter, which may also be used to drive any load composed of paralleling inductors and resistors.

BACKGROUND

Flyback converters are generally known. For example, the topology of a traditional flyback converter can be seen in FIG. 1, and includes a transformer with a primary and secondary winding, and an output capacitor that supplies energy to a load. The primary winding of the transformer is directly connected to the input voltage source when the switch S is on, which causes an increase in the current and magnetic flux in the transformer and results in energy storage by the transformer. This also induces a negative voltage in the secondary winding. In this mode, the voltage stress across the transformer is V_(in).

When the switch S is off, the energy stored in the transformer is transferred to the output of the converter. In this mode, the voltage stress across the switch S is V_(in)+N1·V_(out)/N2, and the voltage stress across the transformer is N1·V_(out)/N2.

Even though the flyback converter circuit of FIG. 1 is simple, it has a number of disadvantages. For example, high voltage stresses are placed on the components; the transformer has a high turns ratio; and there is unidirectional transformer flux, which not only results in large core size, but can also easily lead to core saturation. Furthermore, an additional snubber circuit is required to deal with transformer leakage inductance. DC offset current in the mutual inductance of the transformer also causes transformer core loss that cannot be reduced.

For at least these reasons, there is a need for an improved flyback converter. Embodiments of such improved flyback converters are contemplated by the invention, and various examples thereof are illustrated and described herein.

SUMMARY

Exemplary embodiments of flyback converters according to the invention include a primary winding (high-voltage) side and a secondary winding (low-voltage) side, such as may be observed in FIG. 2. The primary winding side includes several capacitors C₁, C₂, C₃, of which the capacitors C₂ and C₃ may be identical capacitors. The primary winding side also includes a number of switches S₁, S₂, in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs.

The secondary winding side includes an output capacitor C₄, a number of switches S₃, S₄, also in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs, and a pair of inductors L₁, L₂. Alternatively, a coupled inductor with two windings could take the place of the inductors L₁, L₂. In switching modes where switch S₁ is turned on, the inductor L₁ stores energy. In switching modes where switch S₁ is turned off, the inductor L₁ releases its energy to the load R. In switching modes where switch S₂ is turned on, the inductor L₂ stores energy. In switching modes where switch S₂ is turned off, the inductor L₂ releases its energy to the load R. The output voltage of a flyback converter of the invention may be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the switches S₁, S₂ on the primary winding side.

In operation, the primary side switches S₁, S₂ may be driven with a symmetrical duty ratio. In order to reduce power loss on the secondary side, the secondary side switches S₃, S₄ may be operated in synchronous rectification. In order to obtain high efficiency on both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer when deadband is applied, the primary side switch S₁ and the secondary side switch S₄ may be driven complementarily and the primary side switch S₂ and the secondary side switch S₃ may be driven complementarily.

Flyback converter embodiments according to the invention are improvements over known converters in a multitude of ways. For example, and without limitation, flyback converters according to the invention exhibit switch and transformer voltage stresses that are less than the switch and transformer stresses present in known flyback converters. Consequently, switches with a lower rated breakdown voltage may be used, a lower number of transformer turns may be used to gain the same output voltage of a typical known flyback converter, and the flux may be lowered, thereby resulting in reduced core loss.

The transformer flux of a flyback converter according to the invention is also bidirectional (instead of unidirectional), which allows for improved core utilization or a reduction of the core size and, is beneficial to core saturation prevention. Furthermore, natural current routes exist, which permit the release of energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance when the switches are turned off and eliminates the need for snubber circuits.

Flyback converters according to the invention also employ zero- current switching, which results in a natural, soft switching, that reduces switching losses and increases efficiency. Very low DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance additionally reduces transformer core loss and allows for the use of a smaller transformer core and a reduced transformer profile. Further, the use of a post-stage circuit cancels the ripple current typically seen at the output capacitor of such a flyback converter, so a smaller output capacitor can be employed. Further yet, on the low-voltage side, only two low-side gate drivers are used, which eliminates the need for a high-side gate driver and the more complex design associated therewith.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In addition to the features mentioned above, other aspects of the present invention will be readily apparent from the following descriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments, wherein like reference numerals across the several views refer to identical or equivalent features, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a known flyback converter;

FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram that schematically depicts an exemplary DC/DC flyback converter according to the invention;

FIG. 3 is a graphical (waveform) representation of the eight operation modes within a switching period of the flyback converter of FIG. 1 when operating in steady state;

FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit representation of the first (Mode 1) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit representation of the second (Mode 2) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit representation of the third (Mode 3) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fourth (Mode 4) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fifth (Mode 5) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 9 is an equivalent circuit representation of the sixth (Mode 6) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 10 is an equivalent circuit representation of the seventh (Mode 7) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit representation of the eighth (Mode 8) of the eight operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3;

FIG. 12 graphically illustrates output voltage vs. deadband ratio for a flyback converter as shown in FIG. 1 having a particular transformer turns ratio and operating at a particular input voltage;

FIG. 13 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents the front-stage (primary side) of the flyback converter depicted in FIG. 1;

FIG. 14 is a graphical (waveform) representation of the four operation modes within a switching period of the flyback converter front-stage shown in FIG. 13 when operating in steady state;

FIG. 15 is an equivalent circuit representation of the first (Mode 1) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14;

FIG. 16 is an equivalent circuit representation of the second (Mode 2) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14;

FIG. 17 is an equivalent circuit representation of the third (Mode 3) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14;

FIG. 18 is an equivalent circuit representation of the fourth (Mode 4) of the four operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14;

FIGS. 19-20 are steady-state simulation waveforms for a 1.5 kW simulation model of a power converter circuit of the invention; and

FIGS. 21A and 21B depict the steady-state waveforms of another simulated power converter circuit of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENT(S)

A traditional flyback converter 5 can be observed in FIG. 1. In contrast, the topology of an exemplary flyback converter 10 according to the invention is depicted in FIG. 2.

As shown in FIG. 2, the improved flyback converter 10 includes a primary winding (high voltage) side and a secondary winding (low voltage) side. The primary winding side includes several capacitors C₁, C₂, C₃, of which the capacitors C₂ and C₃ are identical capacitors. The primary winding side also includes a number of switches S₁, S₂, in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs. The secondary winding side includes an output capacitor C₄, a pair of switches S₃, S₄, also in the form of active power devices such as, for example, MOSFETs or IGBTs, and a pair of inductors L₁, L₂. In an alternative embodiment, a coupled inductor with two windings may be substituted for the inductors L₁, L₂. The circuits of the primary and secondary winding sides are separated by a transformer.

The primary winding side circuit is a DC/AC circuit with a 3:1 voltage step-down ratio, which reduces voltage stresses on the primary winding side switches, and on the transformer. The secondary winding side circuit may be a traditional rectifying circuit or a ripple current cancelling circuit. Synchronous rectification may be applied in the secondary winding circuit.

In switching modes where switch S₁ is turned on, inductor L₁ stores energy. In switching modes where switch S₁ is turned off, inductor L₁ releases its energy to the load R. In switching modes where switch S₂ is turned on, inductor L₂ stores energy. In switching modes where switch S₂ is turned off, inductor L₂ releases its energy to the load R. The output voltage of a flyback converter of the invention may be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband of the switches S₁, S₂ on the primary winding side.

In operation, the primary side switches S₁, S₂ are preferably driven with a symmetrical duty ratio, and the secondary side switches S₃, S₄ are preferably operated in synchronous rectification in order to reduce power loss on the secondary side. When deadband is applied, the primary side switch S₁ and the secondary side switch S₄ are preferably complementarily driven and the primary side switch S₂ and the secondary side switch S₃ are preferably complementarily driven, in order to obtain high efficiency on both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer.

FIG. 3 graphically represents steady state operation of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 1. The waveforms shown in FIG. 3 are illustrative of the performance of the flyback converter 10 when operating with a fixed duty ratio (50% in this example), but a varying deadband ratio. In steady state operation, the converter 10 is shown to have 8 operation modes (i.e., Modes 1-8) within a switching period, including 4 active modes and 4 deadband modes.

In steady state operation, there is voltage-second balance for the inductors L₁ and L₂ in a switching cycle. Therefore, the voltage-second balance for inductors L₁ and L₂ can be expressed as in the following equation, where V_(c) is the voltage of the capacitors C₂ and C₃ and V_(LS) and V_(LS) ¹ are the voltages of L_(S) (transformer leakage inductance) in Mode 1 and Mode 5: V _(in)−2V _(c) −V _(LS) ·T·(D−δ−δ ₃)=(V _(c) −V′ _(LS))·T·(D−δ−δ ₄) Because L_(S) is much smaller than L₁ and L₂, V_(LS) and V_(LS) ¹ can be ignored. Also, because δ₃ and δ₄ are transient time ratios that are much smaller than transient time δ, they too can be ignored. Therefore, V_(c) can be simplified as:

$V_{c} = \frac{V_{i\; n}}{3}$ Accordingly, the voltage stresses of the primary winding side switches are:

$V_{S\; 1{(\max)}} = {V_{S\; 2{(\max)}} = \frac{2V_{i\; n}}{3}}$

In steady state, there is also a voltage-second balance for the inductor L₂. As a result, the output voltage may be expressed as in the following equation, where N is the transformer turns ratio:

$V_{out} = {\frac{L_{2} \cdot \left( {D - \delta} \right)}{{\left( {L_{1} + L_{2}} \right) \cdot \left( {1 - D + \delta} \right)} + {L_{2} \cdot \left( {D - \delta} \right)}} \cdot \frac{V_{i\; n}}{3N}}$

FIGS. 4-12 are equivalent circuit representations of the first (Mode 1) through eighth (Mode 8) operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 3. It should be noted with respect to FIGS. 4-12 that the transformer mutual inductance is much larger than the inductance of the inductors L₁, L₂. Therefore, the transformer mutual inductance is not dominating inductor in this circuit, and it has been ignored in the equivalent circuit for purposes of simplified (but accurate) illustration. Reference character L_(s) in FIGS. 4-12 represents transformer leakage inductance.

FIG. 4 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 1 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 1, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₁-t₂ in FIG. 3, the primary side switch S₁ and secondary side switch S₃ are ON, while the primary side switches S₂ and secondary side switch S₄ are OFF. The body diode of switch S₄ is open, and switch S₃ operates in synchronous rectification therewith, conducting to release the energy stored in inductor L₂ to the load R. The input voltage source V_(in), capacitor C₂, inductor L₁, inductor L₂ and capacitor C₃ are connected in series. Capacitors C₂ and C₃ are being charged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C₂, C₃ remains about ⅓ of V_(in). Also, the voltage stress on switch S₂ is about ⅔ of V_(in), and the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of V_(in).

FIG. 5 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 2 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 2, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₂-t₃ in FIG. 3, the primary side switches S₁ and S₂ are OFF, while the secondary side switches S₃ and S₄ are ON and operate in synchronous rectification. The transformer leakage inductance L_(s) begins to release its energy via the body diode of switch S₂ back to the capacitors C₂ and C₃. Switches S₃ and S₄ also conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L₁, L₂ to the load R. Capacitors C₂ and C₃ are being charged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C₂, C₃ remains about ⅓ of V_(in). Also, the voltage stress on switch S₁ is about ⅔ of V_(in), and the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of V_(in).

FIG. 6 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 3 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 3, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₃-t₄ in FIG. 3, the primary side switches S₁ and S₂ are OFF, while the secondary side switches S₃ and S₄ are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification and to release the energy stored in the inductors L₁, L₂ to the load R. During Mode 3, the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance L_(S) is completely released. The voltage of the capacitors C₂, C₃ remains about ⅓ of V_(in), and the voltage stress on switches S₁ and S₂ is about ⅓ of V_(in). The voltage stress on the transformer is 0.

FIG. 7 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 4 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 4, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₄-t₅ in FIG. 3, the primary side switch S₁ and secondary side switch S₃ are OFF, while the primary side switches S₂ and secondary side switch S₄ are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification. The body diode of switch S₃ is forward biased and the current of switch S₃ is transferred to switch S₄. Switch S₄ and the body diode of switch S₃ conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L₁, L₂ to the load R. Capacitors C₂ and C₃ are being discharged in Mode 4, but the voltage of the capacitors C₂, C₃ remains about ⅓ of V_(in). The voltage stress on switch S₁ is about ⅔ of V_(in). The voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of V_(in).

FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 5 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 5, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₅-t₆ in FIG. 3, the primary side switch S₁and secondary side switch S₃ are OFF, while the primary side switches S₂ and secondary side switch S₄ are ON and continue to operate in synchronous rectification. At, t₅ the current i_(S3) through switch S₃ reaches 0, so in this mode the body diode of switch S₃ is open. Switch S₄ conducts to release the energy stored in inductor L₁ to the load R. Capacitors C₂ and C₃ are again being charged, but the voltage of the capacitors C₂, C₃ remains about ⅓ of V_(in). The voltage stress on switch S₁ is about ⅔ of V_(in), while the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of V_(in).

FIG. 9 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 6 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 6, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₆-t₇ in FIG. 3, the primary side switches S₁ and S₂ are OFF, while the secondary side switches S₃ and S₄ are ON and operate in synchronous rectification. At this point, the transformer leakage inductance L_(s) begins to release its energy, via the body diode of switch S₁, back to the input voltage source V_(in) and to capacitor C₁. Switches S₃ and S₄ conduct to release the energy stored in inductors L₁ and L₂ to the load R. The capacitors C₂ and C₃ are being discharged in this mode, but the voltage of the capacitors C₂, C₃ remains about ⅓ of V_(in). The voltage stress on switch S₂ is about ⅔ of V₁, while the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of V_(in).

FIG. 10 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 7 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 7, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₇-t₈ in FIG. 3, the primary side switches S₁ and S₂ are OFF, while the secondary side switches S₃ and S₄ are ON. Switches S₃ and S₄ continue to operate in synchronous rectification and conduct to release the energy stored in the inductors L₁ and L₂ to the load R. In Mode 7, the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance L_(s) is again completely released. The voltage of the capacitors C₁ and C₂ remains about ⅓ of V₁. The voltage stress on switches S₁ and S₂ is about ⅓ of V_(in), while the voltage stress on the transformer is again 0.

FIG. 11 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents operation Mode 8 of the flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2. In Mode 8, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₈-t₉ in FIG. 3, the primary side switch S₁ and secondary side switch S₃ are ON, while the primary side switches S₂ and secondary side switch S₄ are OFF. The body diode of switch S₄ is forward biased and switch S₃ and switch S₄ continue to operate in synchronous rectification. The current of switch S₄ is transferred to switch S₃ which, along with the body diode of switch S₄, conduct to release the energy stored in inductors L₂ and L₁ to the load R. Capacitors C₂ and C₃ are being charged in Mode 8, but the voltage of the capacitors C₂, C₃ remains about ⅓ of V_(in). The voltage stress on switch S₂ is about ⅔ of V_(in), while the voltage stress on the transformer is about ⅓ of V_(in).

During operation of the exemplary flyback converter 10 of FIG. 2, as represented in the waveforms of FIG. 3 and the equivalent circuits of FIGS. 4-11, the duty ratio was fixed at 50%. However, even with a fixed duty ratio, the output voltage can be changed by regulating the deadband ratio since the output voltage can be generally represented as:

$V_{out} = {\left( {0.5 - \delta} \right) \cdot \frac{V_{i\; n}}{3N}}$ where N is the transformer turns ratio and δ is the deadband ratio.

FIG. 12 graphically represents the curve of output ratio vs. deadband ratio of a flyback converter. In this example, V_(in)=400 V and N=4.7.

As described above, the DC/DC flyback converter of FIG. 2 includes a primary winding side and a secondary winding side. The primary winding side of the circuit may be considered to be a high voltage front-stage circuit. The front-stage circuit itself may have applications other than its use in a flyback converter of the invention. The operation of the front-stage circuit is explained in more detail below and in corresponding FIGS. 13-18.

An equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents the front-stage circuit 15 appears in FIG. 13. The front-stage circuit is a step- down DC/AC circuit, the output of which is AC, and the peak value of which is ⅓ of the input DC voltage. The equivalent front-stage circuit is shown to include the capacitors C₁, C₂, C₃, and the switches S₁, S₂, in the form of active power devices, as shown in FIG. 2 and described above. The equivalent front-stage circuit 15 is also shown to include an inductor L. The circuit is again connected to a load R.

In operation, the switches S₁, S₂ are preferably symmetrically driven. When deadband is applied, the driving signals of switches S₁ and S₂ are still symmetrical. The output power can be regulated by changing the switch duty ratio and deadband ratio of switches S₁ and S₂. In deadband modes, where switches S₁ and S₂ are both turned off, the inductor L releases its energy to the load R.

FIG. 14 graphically represents steady state operation of the front-stage circuit 15 of FIG. 13. The waveforms shown in FIG. 14 are illustrative of the performance of the front-stage circuit 15 when operating with a fixed duty ratio (50% in this example), but a varying deadband ratio. In steady state operation, the front-stage circuit 15 is shown to have 4 operation modes (i.e., Modes 1-4) within a switching period. FIGS. 15-18 are equivalent circuit representations of the first (Mode 1) through fourth (Mode 4) front-stage circuit operation modes graphically depicted in FIG. 14.

FIG. 15 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 1. In Mode 1, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₀-t₁ in FIG. 14, switches S₁ and S₂ are OFF. The input voltage source V_(in), and the capacitors C₂, C₃ and the load R are connected in series. Capacitors C₂ and C₃ are charged. The voltage across the load R is negative, and the peak value is about ⅓ of V_(in).

FIG. 16 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 2. In Mode 2, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₁-t₂ in FIG. 14, switches S₁ and S₂ are OFF. The inductor L releases its energy to the load R.

FIG. 17 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 3. In Mode 3, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₂-t₃ in FIG. 14, switch S₁ is OFF and switch S₂ is ON. Capacitors C₂ and C₃ are load connected in parallel, and are discharged. The voltage across the load R is positive, and the peak value is about ⅓ of V_(in).

FIG. 18 is an equivalent circuit diagram that schematically represents front-stage circuit operation Mode 4. In Mode 4, which is representative of the time interval designated as t₃-t₄ in FIG. 14, switches S₁ and S₂ are OFF, and the inductor L again releases its energy to the load R.

EXAMPLE 1

A 1.5 kW simulation model was built using Powersim PSIM simulation software to verify the analysis. The particulars of the model were:

-   -   Input voltage range=200 V to 400 V;     -   Transformer turns ratio (N)=2;     -   Switching frequency (F_(s))=300 kHz;     -   Inductors L₁=L₂=1 μH;     -   Capacitors C₂=C₃=5 μF;     -   D=0.5;     -   δ=0.07; and     -   Capacitor C₄=10 μF.         Steady-state simulation waveforms for the 1.5 kW simulation         model with a 200 V input voltage are shown in FIGS. 19-20. It         can be seen from FIG. 20 that a stable 12 V output voltage was         produced. The voltage stresses on switches S₁ and S₂ were         reduced to 213 of V_(in), and the voltage stress on the         transformer was reduced to ⅓ of V_(in). Soft-switching was         achieved for the turning on of switches S₁ and S₂, and both the         turning on and turning off of switches S₃ and S₄. Output ripple         current was cancelled.

EXAMPLE 2

In a further simulation of a circuit according to the invention, the mutual inductance was set as 20 μH and the low-voltage side inductors were set as 2 μH/each. The output capacitor was set as 20 μF and the two capacitors C₂, C₃ in the quasi-switched capacitor circuit were both set at 2 μF. The load was set to 90 W at 20 V. The optimum turns ratio of the transformer is 1:1, which simplifies the transformer design and minimizes the winding loss. However, to demonstrate the operating principle of the circuit, the turns ratio of the transformer was set as 5:4 in the simulation. The results of the simulation at an input voltage V_(in) of 150 V and 300V are shown in FIGS. 21A- 21B, respectively.

As shown in the simulation results, when the input voltage is 150 V, the switches in the circuit are operating at a 50% duty ratio. The voltage stresses of the switching devices are ⅔ of the input voltage (100 V). There is no DC component in the mutual inductance. The peak value of the input voltage to the primary winding side of the transformer is 50V.

When the input voltage is 300 V, the duty ratio of the switches is no longer 50%. At the point when the three switches on the primary winding side are all turned off (a necessary state of the circuit), the energy stored in the mutual inductance will be freely transferred into the secondary winding side of the transformer. If the energy in the mutual inductance is fully released before the next switching cycle, the voltage stress on the switches will have stair-waveforms, as shown in FIG. 21. It can also be observed in FIG. 21 that the maximum voltage stress on the switches is slightly lower than 200 V (⅔ of the input voltage), and the voltage on the two capacitors in the primary winding side of the circuit is slightly higher than 100 V (⅓ of the input voltage). There is a small DC offset in the mutual inductance current.

The simulated circuit of this particular example may be generally summarized as follows. The primary side of the circuit has a quasi-switched capacitor (QSC) structure. The QSC circuit has three switches and two capacitors. The capacitors are not resonant link capacitors. At 500 kHz and 90 W, each capacitor can be as small as 2 μF. Based on the characteristics of the voltage source, an input filter capacitor may be required. The voltage stress on the switches and capacitors is lower than the input voltage, with the voltage stress on the switches being smaller than ⅔ of the input voltage. The secondary side of the circuit may be a traditional synchronous current doubler circuit. The filter inductor in the circuit may be as small as approximately 2 μH.

It can also be understood from this simulation that the exact value of the switch voltage stresses will change with the duty ratio of the switches. However, in comparison to traditional flyback and forward converters, the switching devices of the simulated circuit are subjected to much smaller voltage stresses, which is very useful with respect to GaN devices.

Furthermore, the transformer input voltage is much less than the input voltage of the simulated circuit. For example, when the duty ratio is 50%, the transformer input voltage is about ⅓ of the input voltage. A smaller input voltage means a possible reduction in transformer core size.

The transformer of the simulated circuit exhibits bi-directional excitation. Therefore, in comparison to a traditional flyback converter, the circuit has a reduced DC current in the mutual inductance. For example, at about a 50% duty ratio, the current has no DC component.

The results of this simulation reveal that the transformer used in this circuit can be smaller and more efficient than that of a traditional flyback converter. The transformer turns ratio can be set as 1:1 because the final output voltage can be controlled by varying the duty ratio of the primary winding side switches when the input voltage changed from 150 V to 300 V. The duty ratio range was about 0.11 (300 V) to about 0.4 (150 V). A duty ratio of 0.5 produces a square wave on the primary winding side of the transformer.

The results of this simulation additionally reveal that the circuit is extremely easy to control. Two of the three switches on the primary winding side shared the same control command and were symmetric with the other switch. The two secondary side switches shared the exact same control signals as the primary side.

One exemplary embodiment of a DC/DC power converter employing such a circuit may have the following characteristics:

-   -   Input Voltage: (150, 300)V     -   Output power: (45-90)W     -   Switching frequency: (500)kHz     -   Insulation between primary side and secondary side: (Yes/No)     -   Conversion efficiency: (>90.1% estimated)

As noted above, the efficiency of the exemplary converter is estimated. The rationale behind the efficiency estimate considers that the measured turn off loss of a 200 V, 12 A rated GaN device at 100 V and 5 A during a double pulse test is 1.7 μJ. The switching devices in the exemplary quasi-switched capacitor circuit (QSC) have zero current at turn on and 4 A at turn off. The maximum voltage stress of the devices is 200 V. Thus, the overall switching loss of the QSC circuit can be estimated to be 4.08 W.

Furthermore, the conduction loss of the GaN devices in this case is less than 0.1 W. The major conduction loss of the circuits will be in the transformer and the traces on the circuit board. Therefore, assuming that the transformer's efficiency is 96% (3 W of loss), then the estimated secondary side switching loss is 3 W, conduction loss is 0.5 W, and the estimated power consumption from gate drive and control circuits is 1.2 W. Consequently, the total power loss of the circuit will be about 8.88 W and the efficiency is approximately 90.1%. All of the above-estimated switching and conduction losses of the devices are based on double tests and Rds on measurements of EPC 1010.

Flyback converters of the invention include any application where an isolated DC/DC converter is required. Such applications may include, but are not limited to, hybrid electric vehicles and laptop and desktop computers.

In the case of EVs and HEVs, for example, a DC/DC converter is required to deliver power from a high voltage (HV) DC bus to 12 V loads, such as head lamps, radio system, etc., of the vehicle, as well as to provide a bias voltage to various electronic control modules. The converter must incorporate electrical isolation to protect the low voltage (LV) electronic system from potentially hazardous high voltage. Various full-bridge or half-bridge based DC/DC converters have been proposed for this purpose, however, the associated topologies cause the HV-side switches and the transformer to suffer from voltages stresses that are equal to the HV DC bus voltage. A traditional flyback converter, which is usually employed in low power applications, is likewise not a suitable topology.

In contrast to the aforementioned full-bridge and half-bridge DC/DC converters, and even to more recently proposed flyback topology-based DC/DC converters, flyback converters according to the invention are highly suitable for delivering power from a high voltage DC bus to 12 V loads in EV and HEV applications. In a flyback converter of the invention, the magnetic components store energy when corresponding HV-side switches are turned on, and release energy to the load in certain switching modes when corresponding HV-side switches are turned off. Consequently, HV-side switch voltage stresses are reduced to ⅔ of the input voltage, transformer voltage stress is reduced to ⅓ of the input voltage, low soft-switching occurs, and the converter operates with high efficiency and simple control.

The front-stage circuit may also be separately used in non-isolated DC/DC converters that may be employed in, without limitation, data centers and telecom and datacom systems. More broadly, the front-stage circuit may be used in any converter that drives any load composed of a paralleling inductor and resistor. Examples of such applications may include, for example, inductive heating, wireless charging for hybrid electric vehicles, and wireless energy. Applications for the front-stage circuit of the flyback converter invention also include the use thereof in virtually any application where an isolated DC/DC converter is required, such as without limitation, electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and laptop and desktop computers.

Flyback converters according to the invention improve upon known flyback converter design in a number of ways. For example, generally speaking, the flyback converter circuit according to the invention is friendlier toward high switching frequency, wide band gap, devices than are traditional circuits.

Importantly, the voltage stress on the components of a flyback converter of the invention are also reduced in comparison to a traditional flyback converter. More specifically, the voltage stress on the switches is V_(in)+N₁·V_(out)/N₂ in a traditional flyback converter, whereas voltage stress on the switches is reduced to ⅔ of the input voltage in a flyback converter according to the invention. This allows for the use of switches with a lower rated breakdown voltage. Also, in a traditional flyback converter, the voltage stress on transformer is V_(in), whereas the voltage stress on the transformer is only ⅓ of V_(in) in a flyback converter of the invention. This allows, on the one hand, for the transformer turns ratio to be lowered while providing the same output voltage of a traditional flyback converter, and on the other hand, for the flux to be lowered, which results in a reduction of the core loss.

In a flyback converter according to the invention, the transformer flux is bidirectional instead of unidirectional as in a traditional flyback converter. This allows for either a reduction of the transformer core size or for a better utilization of an existing core, and also helps to prevent core saturation.

In a traditional flyback converter, when the switch is off, the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance has no release path and, therefore, snubber circuits are needed to protect the switch from voltage overshoot. In contrast, natural current routes exist in a flyback converter according to the invention when all the switches are off, thereby facilitating a release of the energy stored in the transformer leakage inductance. Consequently, a flyback converter according to the invention does not require a snubber circuit.

A flyback converter of the invention exhibits natural soft switching at switch turn on because the transformer inductances limit the changing rate of the current. This results in zero-current switching and reduces switching losses (the turn on loss is almost zero) and increases efficiency.

More specifically, the turn-on process is zero voltage switching with respect to the secondary winding side switches S₃ and S₄ because the transformer leakage inductance L_(s) limits the switch current increasing rate while the voltage across the switch drops instantly. Likewise, the turn-off process of switches S₃ and S₄ are zero current switching because a decreasing current is conducting in the switch body diode, and the process is completed after the current reaches zero. On the primary winding side, the turn-on process is zero voltage switching for the switches S₁ and S₂ because L₁, L₂ and L_(s) limits the switch current increasing rate while the voltage across the switch drops instantly. The turn-off processes of switches S₁ and S₂ are hard switching. However, these processes can be improved to achieve soft switching by paralleling capacitors to the switches to slow down the rising of the voltages across the switches.

In a flyback converter of the invention, there is very low DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance, thereby reducing transformer core loss and shrinking the transformer profile. More specifically, on the secondary winding side, the branch composed of series-connected inductors L₁ and L₂ are connected in parallel with the transformer mutual inductance. Because the sum of the inductances of inductors L₁ and L₂ is much smaller than the transformer mutual inductance, the DC offset current in the transformer mutual inductance is highly reduced. Therefore, it is possible to choose a smaller transformer magnetic core and the transformer profile can be reduced.

The secondary winding (post-stage) circuit may be traditional rectifying circuit or ripple current canceling circuit. Synchronous rectification may be applied in the post-stage circuit. In the case of a ripple current cancelling circuit, the secondary winding side (post-stage) circuit of a flyback converter of the invention also cancels ripple current seen at the output capacitor. More particularly, the post-stage circuit can be thought of as two interleaving buck converters. Since there is a 180 degree phase shift between the current waveforms of inductors L₁ and L₂, the flux thereof will be mutually cancelled if inductors L₁ and L₂ are made into coupled inductors. This results in cancelled output capacitor ripple current and allows for the use of a transformer with a reduced profile. This also allows for a smaller capacitor to be used.

In the post-stage circuit of a flyback converter according to the invention, the two active switches S₃ and S₄ can share the same ground, which is also the ground of the output voltage. Consequently, only two low-side switch gate drivers are needed for switches S₃ and S₄, which avoids the need for a more complex high-side switch gate driver.

While certain exemplary embodiments of the present invention are described in detail above, the scope of the invention is not to be considered limited by such disclosure, and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit of the invention as evidenced by the following claims: 

What is claimed is:
 1. A bidirectional direct-current-to-alternating-current (DC/AC) circuit, comprising: a voltage source to supply an input voltage; a first switch connected to the voltage source and a first capacitor; a pair of second switches, wherein each switch of the pair of second switches is connected to the first capacitor and further connected to a second capacitor such that the first capacitor and the second capacitor are separated by the pair of second switches; and a component connected to the first capacitor and the second capacitor, wherein the component is further coupled to a load; wherein the first switch and the pair of second switches are selectively turned-on to define a plurality of modes of steady state operation for the bidirectional DC/AC circuit within a switching period; wherein, during a first mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the first capacitor, the second capacitor, and the component are connected in series, and are one of charged in series based on the input voltage and discharged in series; and wherein, during a second mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the first capacitor and the second capacitor are connected in parallel and are one of charged in parallel and discharged in parallel.
 2. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 1, further comprising a third capacitor connected in parallel to the voltage source.
 3. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 1, wherein the component comprises one of an inductor and a transformer; wherein, during the first mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the first capacitor, the second capacitor, and one of the inductor and transformer are charged in parallel based on the input voltage; and wherein, during a third mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the inductor releases energy to the load corresponding to generating an output voltage at the load.
 4. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 3, wherein, during a fourth mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the inductor releases the energy to the load corresponding to generating the output voltage at the load.
 5. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage generated by voltage source is based on a deadband ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches, for a fixed duty ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches.
 6. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 1, wherein the voltage generated by the voltage source is based on a switch duty ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches and a deadband ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches.
 7. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 6, wherein the first switch and the pair of second switches are driven according to a symmetrical duty ratio.
 8. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 7, wherein, in the first mode, in the second mode, or both, a switch voltage stress on the first switch and the pair of second switches is about ⅔ of the input voltage and a voltage stress on the component is about ⅓ of the input voltage.
 9. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 1, wherein the component comprises a transformer having a turns ratio, and wherein the output voltage is proportional to the turns ratio and the input voltage.
 10. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 1, wherein the component comprises one of an inductor, a transformer or both.
 11. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 1, wherein the first mode and the second mode, respectively, correspond to a first active mode and a second active mode; wherein the plurality of modes comprise a plurality of deadband modes; wherein a first deadband mode of the plurality of deadband modes is between the first active mode and the second active mode, and a second deadband mode of the plurality of deadband modes is after the second active mode; wherein, during the plurality of deadband modes, the first switch and the pair of second switches are turned-off.
 12. A bidirectional DC/AC circuit, comprising: a voltage source to generate an input voltage; a first switch connected to the voltage source and a first capacitor; a pair of second switches, wherein each switch of the pair of second switches is connected to the first capacitor and further connected to a second capacitor such that the first capacitor and the second capacitor are separated by the pair of second switches; and a component connected to the first capacitor and the second capacitor, wherein the component is connected to a load; wherein the first switch and the pair of second switches are selectively turned-on to define a plurality of modes of steady state operation of the bidirectional DC/AC circuit within a switching period; and wherein, during a given mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation: the second pair of switches are turned-off while the first switch is turned-on; the first capacitor, the second capacitor, and the component are connected in series; and the first capacitor, the second capacitor are one of charged in series based on the input voltage and discharged in series.
 13. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 12, wherein the input voltage is generated based on a deadband ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches, for a fixed duty ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches.
 14. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 12, wherein the input voltage is generated based on a switch duty ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches and a deadband ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches.
 15. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 14, wherein one of: during the given mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the first switch is turned-on and the second pair of switches are turned-off such that the first capacitor, the second capacitor, and the component are connected in series and are charged in series based on the input voltage; and during another mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the pair of second switches are turned-on and the first switch is turned-off such that the first capacitor and the second capacitor are discharged in parallel to generate an output voltage at the load.
 16. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 12, wherein the component comprises an inductor, a transformer, or both.
 17. A bidirectional direct-current-to-alternating-current (DC/AC) circuit, comprising: a voltage source to supply an input voltage; a first switch connected to the voltage source and a first capacitor; a pair of second switches, wherein each switch of the pair of second switches is connected to the first capacitor and further connected to a second capacitor such that the first capacitor and the second capacitor are separated by the pair of second switches; and a component connected to the first capacitor and the second capacitor, wherein the component is connected to a load; wherein the first switch and the pair of second switches are selectively turned-on to define a plurality of modes of steady state operation of the bidirectional DC/AC circuit within a switching period; wherein, during a given mode of the plurality of mode modes of steady state operation, the first switch is turned-on and the pair of second switches are turned-off, such that the first capacitor, the second capacitor, and the component are connected in series, and the first capacitor and the second capacitor are one of charged in series based on the input voltage and discharged in series; and wherein, during another mode of the plurality of modes of steady state operation, the pair of second switches are turned-on and the first switch is turned off such that the first capacitor and the second capacitor are connected in parallel and are one of charged in parallel and discharged in parallel.
 18. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 17, wherein the input voltage is generated based on a deadband ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches, for a fixed duty ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches.
 19. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 17, wherein the input voltage is generated based on a switch duty ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches and a deadband ratio of the first switch and the pair of second switches.
 20. The bidirectional DC/AC circuit of claim 17, wherein the component comprises an inductor, a transformer, or both. 